What is the SECURE Act 10-year rule?

Non-spouse beneficiaries who inherit an IRA after 2019-12-31 must empty the account within 10 years of the original owner's death. This replaced the previous 'stretch IRA' option, which let heirs spread distributions across their own life expectancy — sometimes 40-50+ years for a young beneficiary.

Who is exempt from the 10-year rule?

Eligible Designated Beneficiaries (EDBs) still have lifetime stretch options: surviving spouses, minor children of the original owner (until they turn 21), beneficiaries who are disabled or chronically ill, and beneficiaries who are not more than 10 years younger than the deceased.

Do I have to take a distribution every year during the 10-year window?

It depends on whether the original owner had already started RMDs. Per SECURE 2.0 and IRS Notice 2024-35, some heirs owe annual RMDs during years 1-9 in addition to the year-10 zero-balance requirement; the IRS has waived penalties on missed RMDs for 2021-2024 while the rules were being finalized. The one universal requirement is that the balance must reach zero by the end of year 10.

What's the best way to withdraw from an inherited IRA over 10 years?

There's no single best answer — it depends on the beneficiary's income trajectory. A flat marginal-rate comparison of equal-annual, lump-year-1, and lump-year-10 strategies tends to favor waiting, since the balance grows tax-deferred longer. But real progressive tax brackets usually make a tax-aware bracket-filling schedule — spreading withdrawals to avoid pushing into a higher bracket in any single year — outperform all three simple presets.

The Stretch IRA Is Dead. Here's What Replaced It for the 10-Year Window

Before 2020, a non-spouse heir could stretch an inherited IRA’s distributions over their own life expectancy — a 30-year-old inheriting from a parent could spread withdrawals across 50+ years, minimizing each year’s tax hit while most of the balance kept growing tax-deferred. The SECURE Act ended that. We compared the three obvious strategies that replaced it.

Three ways to empty the same account

Strategy	Mechanics	Trade-off
Equal annual	Balance ÷ years remaining, each year	Smooths the tax hit but caps growth
Lump year 1	Withdraw everything immediately	Highest single-year tax bill, zero further deferral
Lump year 10	Let it grow tax-deferred, withdraw all at year 10	Maximizes nominal balance, concentrates the entire 10 years of tax into one year

At a single flat marginal tax rate, the math mechanically favors waiting — the account keeps compounding tax-deferred the longer withdrawal is delayed, so lump year 10 retains the largest nominal after-tax total of the three presets. But that’s an artifact of using one flat rate for comparison. Real US tax brackets are progressive, and a lump withdrawal in a single year routinely pushes a beneficiary from a moderate bracket into a meaningfully higher one for that year alone.

Why bracket-stacking usually beats all three presets

None of the three simple strategies is actually optimal once real progressive brackets enter the picture. A tax-aware schedule — one that fills up the lower brackets (12%, 22%, 24%) each year without spilling into the next one — routinely retains more after-tax value than any single flat-rate preset, often by a meaningful margin. The exact advantage depends heavily on the beneficiary’s other income in each of the 10 years: someone approaching retirement with declining income in years 8-10 has a very different optimal schedule than someone at peak earning years throughout the window.

This is a case where the simple comparison tool answers “which preset is best at your assumed flat rate,” but the real optimization requires modeling actual projected income year by year — the kind of analysis a tax professional runs with your specific numbers, not a generic calculator.

The RMD wrinkle that keeps changing

Whether a beneficiary owes annual RMDs during years 1-9 (in addition to the year-10 zero-balance requirement) depends on whether the original account owner had already started their own RMDs before death. The IRS delayed finalizing this rule for several years, and issued Notice 2024-35 waiving penalties on missed RMDs for 2021 through 2024 while the guidance was being sorted out. Anyone managing an inherited IRA should confirm the current-year rule rather than assuming last year’s guidance still applies unchanged.

Where this comparison doesn’t apply

Spouse beneficiaries. A surviving spouse can roll the inherited IRA into their own IRA and treat it as their own account — no 10-year rule at all, RMDs based on their own age. The entire comparison above is moot for spouses.
Eligible Designated Beneficiaries. Minor children of the deceased (until 21), disabled or chronically ill beneficiaries, and beneficiaries within 10 years of the deceased’s age retain lifetime stretch options — a fundamentally different, usually more favorable, calculation.
Roth inherited IRAs. The 10-year emptying rule still applies, but withdrawals are tax-free, which removes the entire bracket-stacking concern that drives most of the strategy discussion for traditional inherited IRAs.
Beneficiaries expecting a major income change. Anyone anticipating retirement, a career change, or another significant income shift within the 10-year window should weight withdrawals toward their lower-income years rather than following a fixed preset.

What to actually do

Confirm which category of beneficiary you are — spouse, Eligible Designated Beneficiary, or standard 10-year-rule heir — since the rules differ substantially.
Check whether you owe annual RMDs during years 1-9 based on the original owner’s RMD status and the current-year IRS guidance.
Project your expected income for each of the 10 years, even roughly, before picking a withdrawal schedule.
Compare the three simple presets as a starting reference point, then adjust toward a bracket-filling schedule based on your actual projected income.
Talk to a tax professional before finalizing a multi-year withdrawal plan — the difference between a naive and a tax-aware schedule is often 5-10% of the account’s after-tax value.

Open the Inherited IRA 10-Year RMD Calculator → and compare the three strategies against your own balance, tax rate, and time horizon.